Conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Known Symptoms
- Definition: Disorders related to blood supply to the brain.
- These problems happen when blood flow to the brain is blocked or a blood vessel breaks.
Common examples:- Stroke: Sudden weakness, speech problems, or loss of vision caused by blocked or bleeding blood vessels.
- TIA (mini-stroke): Stroke-like symptoms that go away within a short time.
- Brain aneurysm: A weak area in a blood vessel that can burst.
- AVM (abnormal blood vessels): Tangled blood vessels in the brain.
Known Causes
- Cerebrovascular Diseases
- Definition: Disorders related to blood supply to the brain.
- These problems happen when blood flow to the brain is blocked or a blood vessel breaks.
- Common examples:
- Stroke: Sudden weakness, speech problems, or loss of vision caused by blocked or bleeding blood vessels.
- TIA (mini-stroke): Stroke-like symptoms that go away within a short time.
- Brain aneurysm: A weak area in a blood vessel that can burst.
- AVM (abnormal blood vessels): Tangled blood vessels in the brain.
- Degenerative Brain Diseases
- These are conditions where brain cells slowly lose function over time.
- Common examples:
- Alzheimer’s disease: Memory loss and difficulty with thinking.
- Parkinson’s disease: Tremor, stiffness, and slow movement.
- ALS: Weakness of muscles due to nerve damage.
- Huntington’s disease: Inherited condition causing abnormal movements and memory problems.
- Headache and Pain Disorders
- Conditions mainly causing head or nerve pain.
- Common examples:
- Migraine: Repeated headaches often with light or sound sensitivity.
- Tension-type headache: Tight, pressure-like pain around the head
- Trigeminal neuralgia: Sudden sharp facial pain.
- Cluster headache: Very severe pain around one eye, usually in attacks.
- Demyelinating Diseases
- These affect the protective covering of nerves (myelin).
- Common examples:
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): Can cause weakness, vision problems, and numbness.
- Guillain-Barré syndrome: Sudden weakness, often after an infection.
- NMO (Neuromyelitis Optica): Severe attacks affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord.
- MOGAD (MOG antibody disease): Inflammation of the optic nerves, brain, or spinal cord causing vision loss or weakness.
- Epilepsy
- What is a seizure?
- A seizure is a sudden burst of abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
- It may cause:
- Shaking or jerking movements
- Loss of awareness
- Staring spells
- Confusion or strange sensations
- What is epilepsy?
- Epilepsy is a medical condition in which a person has recurrent (repeated) unprovoked seizures.
- Types include:
- Focal epilepsy: Seizures start in one part of the brain.
- Generalized epilepsy: Seizures involve both sides of the brain (such as tonic-clonic or absence seizures).
- What is a seizure?
- Infections of the Nervous System
- Infections that affect the brain or its coverings.
- Common examples:
- Meningitis: Infection of the meninges (brain coverings).
- Encephalitis: Infection of the brain itself.
- Movement Disorders
- Conditions impairing voluntary movement or causing abnormal involuntary movements.
- Examples:
- Parkinson’s disease
- Essential tremor: Shaking of hands during movement.
- Dystonia: Muscle spasms causing twisting movements.
- Blepharospasm: Involuntary blinking or eye closure.
- Hemifacial spasm: Repeated twitching on one side of the face.
Eye twitching.
- Parkinson’s disease
- Muscle and Nerve Disorders
- These affect muscles, nerves, or the connection between them.
- Common examples:
- Myasthenia gravis: Muscle weakness that worsens with activity.
- Peripheral neuropathy: Numbness or tingling in hands and feet (often from diabetes).
- Muscular dystrophy: Inherited muscle weakness.
- Brain Tumors
- Abnormal growths in the brain, which may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
- Examples:
- Gliomas
- Meningiomas
- Traumatic Injuries
- Damage caused by accidents or physical trauma.
- Examples:
- Head injury (concussion or severe brain injury)
- Spinal cord injury: May cause weakness or paralysis.
Care
- General Principles of Management:
- Diagnosis: Clinical history, neurological exam, neuroimaging (CT/MRI), electrophysiological studies (EEG/EMG), CSF analysis, genetic testing.
- Treatment: Pharmacotherapy, rehabilitation (physical/occupational/speech therapy), surgical interventions, neuromodulation, multidisciplinary care.
- Prevention: Control of vascular risk factors, genetic counseling, injury prevention strategies.
- Final Note: Neurological diseases are diverse, and each patient’s condition is unique. Proper diagnosis and individualized treatment are essential to achieve the best quality of life.
- Definition: Disorders related to blood supply to the brain.
- These problems happen when blood flow to the brain is blocked or a blood vessel breaks.
Common examples:- Stroke: Sudden weakness, speech problems, or loss of vision caused by blocked or bleeding blood vessels.
- TIA (mini-stroke): Stroke-like symptoms that go away within a short time.
- Brain aneurysm: A weak area in a blood vessel that can burst.
- AVM (abnormal blood vessels): Tangled blood vessels in the brain.
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Our Paediatrics services provide comprehensive, family-centred care for infants, children and adolescents. Be it routine check-ups, immunisations, complex, multisystem treatment or critical care. Our multidisciplinary team of paediatricians, neonatologists, paediatric surgeons, cardiologists, neurologists, nephrologists, dietitians and therapists work together to design personalised care plans supported by advanced diagnostics, paediatric endoscopy, PICU services and transplant-linked pathways. We deliver round-the-clock emergency and intensive paediatric support (including ECMO and CRRT where needed) and run specialist clinics for respiratory, gastroenterology, cardiology, neurology, renal and growth or developmental concerns.
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