Gastrointestinal Bleeding (Upper or Lower)

Known Symptoms

• Vomiting blood (hematemesis) or black, tarry stools (melena).
• Bright red blood in stool (hematochezia) indicates lower GI bleeding.
• Dizziness, pallor, or fainting from significant blood loss.
• Low blood pressure may occur in severe hemorrhage cases.

Note: If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, seek emergency care immediately. Come to the Emergency Department as soon as possible—drive yourself if you are able, have someone bring you, or call our ambulance service for immediate assistance.

Known Causes

• Upper GI: peptic ulcers, esophagitis, or esophageal varices.
• Lower GI: diverticulosis, hemorrhoids, malignancy, or angiodysplasia.
• Overuse of NSAIDs can contribute to the risk of bleeding.
• Chronic liver disease increases the likelihood of variceal bleeding.

Care

• Stabilize the patient with IV fluids and blood transfusions.
• Identify the bleeding source with endoscopy for targeted treatment.
• Surgical intervention if endoscopic management is not feasible.
• Preventive measures: treat ulcers, avoid NSAIDs, manage varices proactively.