Viral Hepatitis (A, B, C)

Known Symtoms

Hepatitis A (HAV)
- Acute: Abrupt onset of fever, malaise, nausea, jaundice, dark urine, pale stools.
- No chronic phase.
- Red flags: Fulminant hepatic failure (rare).
Hepatitis B (HBV)
- Acute: Can range from asymptomatic to symptoms similar to HAV.
- Chronic: Often asymptomatic for decades.
- Red flags: Signs of cirrhosis (ascites, jaundice) or hepatic decompensation.
Hepatitis C (HCV)
- Acute: Typically asymptomatic (70-80%).
- Chronic: Often no symptoms until advanced liver disease develops.
- Red flags: Same as HBV; extrahepatic manifestations (e.g., cryoglobulinemia).

Known Causes

Fulminant hepatitis (very rare)- Cholestatic hepatitis
Chronic hepatitis- Cirrhosis- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)- Liver failure
Chronic hepatitis- Cirrhosis- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)- Liver failure

Care

Hepatitis A (HAV)
- Prevention: Safe food/water practices, HAV vaccine (highly effective).
- Follow-up: None needed after resolution; confers lifelong immunity.
Hepatitis B (HBV)
- Prevention: HBV vaccine (universal recommendation), safe sex practices, needle safety.
- Follow-up: Lifelong monitoring for viral load, liver function, and HCC surveillance in chronic carriers/cirrhotics.
Hepatitis C (HCV)
- Prevention: No vaccine. Harm reduction (needle exchange programs), blood product screening.
- Follow-up: Post-treatment confirmation of sustained virologic response (SVR). HCC surveillance in patients with advanced fibrosis.

Known Symtoms

Hepatitis A (HAV)
- Acute: Abrupt onset of fever, malaise, nausea, jaundice, dark urine, pale stools.
- No chronic phase.
- Red flags: Fulminant hepatic failure (rare).
Hepatitis B (HBV)
- Acute: Can range from asymptomatic to symptoms similar to HAV.
- Chronic: Often asymptomatic for decades.
- Red flags: Signs of cirrhosis (ascites, jaundice) or hepatic decompensation.
Hepatitis C (HCV)
- Acute: Typically asymptomatic (70-80%).
- Chronic: Often no symptoms until advanced liver disease develops.
- Red flags: Same as HBV; extrahepatic manifestations (e.g., cryoglobulinemia).

Known Causes

Care

Hepatitis A (HAV)
- Prevention: Safe food/water practices, HAV vaccine (highly effective).
- Follow-up: None needed after resolution; confers lifelong immunity.
Hepatitis B (HBV)
- Prevention: HBV vaccine (universal recommendation), safe sex practices, needle safety.
- Follow-up: Lifelong monitoring for viral load, liver function, and HCC surveillance in chronic carriers/cirrhotics.
Hepatitis C (HCV)
- Prevention: No vaccine. Harm reduction (needle exchange programs), blood product screening.
- Follow-up: Post-treatment confirmation of sustained virologic response (SVR). HCC surveillance in patients with advanced fibrosis.

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Gastroenterology

Gastroenterology

Our Gastrosciences service diagnoses and treats conditions of the digestive system such as the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, liver, pancreas and bile ducts. Our team of gastroenterologists, hepatologists and specialist nurses use advanced, minimally invasive techniques to give precise care. POEM (Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy) treats oesophageal motility disorders, ESD to remove early tumours without open surgery, ERCP and SpyGlass for bile-duct problems, EndoVAC for closing leaks, STER for subepithelial tumours, and capsule endoscopy to image the small intestine. We also perform diagnostics and therapeutic endoscopy (OGD, colonoscopy, EUS, manometry, pH studies) and offer stenting, polypectomy, dilation, variceal therapy and biliary drainage as needed. In addition, age appropriate diagnostics and transplant-linked care are provided with dietitians and psychological support built into long-term plans.

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