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Understanding PCOS: A Comprehensive Guide to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders affecting women of reproductive age. In Bahrain in my 22 years of practice here, have come across and treated patients in thousands. Whilst the prevalence is not well known, it is estimated that at least one in 4 women in reproductive age group have this.

Despite its prevalence, many women remain undiagnosed or misinformed about this condition. In this blog, we aim to shed light on what PCOS is, its symptoms, causes, and how it can be managed effectively.

What is PCOS?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition that affects women of reproductive age. It usually starts during adolescence, but symptoms may fluctuate over time.

PCOS can cause hormonal imbalances, irregular periods, excess androgen levels and cysts in the ovaries. Irregular periods, usually with a lack of ovulation, can make it difficult to become pregnant. PCOS is a leading cause of infertility.

How does a patient with PCOS present?

Symptoms of PCOS can vary from person to person, and some women may have only mild manifestations. Common signs include:

• Irregular periods or no menstruation at all
• Excess facial or body hair (hirsutism)
• Acne or oily skin
• Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
• Thinning hair or hair loss on the scalp
• Darkening of the skin in areas like the neck or underarms
• Difficulty getting pregnant (infertility)

What Causes PCOS?

The exact cause of PCOS is still unknown, but several factors may contribute:

• Insulin resistance: Many women with PCOS have insulin resistance, which leads to higher insulin levels and can increase androgen production.
• Hormonal imbalance: An excess of androgens can interfere with ovulation, causing irregular menstrual cycles.
• Inflammation: Chronic low-grade inflammation is common in women with PCOS and may stimulate the ovaries to produce more androgens.
• Genetics: PCOS tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic component.

How is PCOS Diagnosed?

There's no single test for PCOS. A diagnosis is usually made based on:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Blood tests to check hormone levels
• Pelvic ultrasound to look for cysts on the ovaries

A woman is typically diagnosed with PCOS if she has at least two of the following three criteria (known as the Rotterdam criteria):

1. Irregular or absent menstrual cycles , cycles longer thabn 35 days apart or less than 8 periods in a year.
2. Elevated levels of androgens (male hormone)
3. Polycystic ovaries visible on ultrasound : any one ovary with more than 12 follicles or ovarian volume more than 10cc.

Managing PCOS

While there is no cure for PCOS, the condition can be managed with lifestyle changes and medical treatment:

1. Healthy Diet and Exercise

A balanced diet and regular physical activity can help regulate insulin levels and promote weight loss, which may improve symptoms.

2. Medications

Doctors may prescribe:

• Birth control pills to regulate periods and reduce androgen levels
• Metformin to improve insulin resistance
• Fertility treatments for women trying to conceive

3. Hair and Skin Treatments

Topical treatments and medications can help manage acne and unwanted hair growth.

PCOS and Mental Health

Many women with PCOS also experience mood disorders such as anxiety and depression. It’s important to address these concerns with a healthcare professional and seek support when needed.

Conclusion

PCOS is a complex but manageable condition. Understanding its symptoms and causes is the first step toward taking control of your health. Whether you're newly diagnosed or have been living with PCOS for years, know that you're not alone and that help is available.

If you suspect you may have PCOS, set up an appointment, for proper diagnosis and personalized treatment options. Early intervention can make a big difference in managing the condition and improving quality of life.

Stay informed. Stay empowered. Your health matters.

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